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Whitaker et al. Genome Medicine 2013, five:40 http://genomemedicine/content/5/4/RESEARCHOpen AccessAn imprinted rheumatoid arthritis methylome signature reflects pathogenic phenotypeJohn W Whitaker1, Robert Shoemaker2, David L Boyle3, Josh Hillman3, David Anderson2, Wei Wang1* and Gary S Firestein3*AbstractBackground: A DNA methylation signature has been characterized that distinguishes rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) from osteoarthritis (OA) FLS. The presence of epigenetic changes in long-term cultured cells recommend that rheumatoid FLS imprinting may possibly contribute to pathogenic behavior.PMID:33514586 To know how differentially methylated genes (DMGs) might participate in the pathogenesis of RA, we evaluated the stability in the RA signature and irrespective of whether DMGs are enriched in particular pathways and ontology categories. Approaches: To assess the RA methylation signatures the Illumina HumanMethylation450 chip was utilised to compare methylation levels in RA, OA, and normal (NL) FLS at passage 3, 5, and 7. Then methylation frequencies at CpGs within the signature were compared in between passages. To assess the enrichment of DMGs in distinct pathways, DMGs had been identified as genes that possess significantly differential methylated loci within their promoter regions. These sets of DMGs were then in comparison to pathway and ontology databases to establish enrichment in specific categories. Final results: Initial research compared passage three, 5, and 7 FLS from RA, OA, and NL. The patterns of differential methylation of each individual FLS line were very similar regardless of passage number. Employing by far the most robust evaluation, 20 out of 272 KEGG pathways and 43 out of 34,400 GO pathways were substantially altered for RA compared with OA and NL FLS. Most interestingly, we located that the KEGG `Rheumatoid Arthritis’ pathway was consistently probably the most considerably enriched with differentially methylated loci. Added pathways involved with innate immunity (Complement and Coagulation, Toll-like Receptors, N.
